General Strain Theory (GST) Application to Rehabilitation

General Strain Theory (GST) Application to Rehabilitation Abstract   A staggering number of African-Americans are incarcerated for a variety of criminal offences. Without having to review criminal statistics, African-Americans appear to lack the ability to adapt and/or become productive members of society compared to other races incarcerated. This is more than a stereotype and coincidence, other countries besides the United States have documented this phenomenon. Applying Agnews (1992) General Strain Theory (GST) to the emotional and social psychological development of African-Americans, society may better understand the motive, causation, and circumstances of crime pertaining to the African-American criminal thought process. I hypothesize this thought process to be a psychological condition requiring identification and intervention by the criminal justice system and correctional facilities. Investigation started by analyzing strains upon the African-American culture detailing afterwards the treatment of mentally ill African-American inmates as observ ed by the General Strain Theory and current physiological testing. A variety of social programs is available with positive interpersonal exposure and rebuilding of social skills/mindset, rehabilitating inmates to recognize, understand, and cope with strain. General Strain Theory and Rehabilitation of Mentally Ill African-American Inmates A staggering number of African-Americans are incarcerated for a variety of criminal offences. Without having to review criminal statistics, African-Americans appear to lack the ability to adapt and/or become productive members of society compared to other races incarcerated. This is more than a stereotype and coincidence, other countries besides the United States have documented this phenomenon. Applying Agnews (1992) General Strain Theory (GST) to the emotional and social psychological development of African-Americans, society may better understand the motive, causation, and circumstances of crime pertaining to the African-American criminal thought process. I hypothesize this thought process to be a psychological condition requiring identification and intervention by the criminal justice system and correctional facilities. Investigation started by analyzing strains upon the African-American culture detailing afterwards the treatment of mentally ill African-American inmates as observed by the General Strain Theory and current physiological testing. A variety of social programs is available with positive interpersonal exposure and rebuilding of social skills/mindset, rehabilitating inmates to recognize, understand, and cope with strain. Literature Review Kaufman, Rebellon, Thaxton, and Agnew (2008) produced an informative article that applied Agnews General Strain Theory to analyzing the motivational processes of African-Americans, beyond age, sex, or community, which leads them to criminal activity. This article evaluated the lives of African-Americans in totality and hypothesized a lack of coping mechanisms and outlets for daily and unrelenting stresses or strains. A considerable amount of statistical information contained herein was gathered from various web sites and journals. The U.S. Department of Justice (2006, 2007) and the U.S. Department of Labor (2008) collected facts pertaining to crimes and the races in which they occurred within. While Elliott Voss (1974), Williams Gold (1972) did not find significant racial crime connections, Kelley, Huizinga, Thornberry, Loeber (1997) with Snyder Sickmund (2006) showed juveniles were prone to violence. Broadhurst and Tonry (1997) with Doone (2000) confirmed that other countries besides the United States experienced elevated criminal and correctional issues with indigenous populations of African-American decent. African-American plight can be traced back to mid-19th century by Du Bois (1899, 1904), Hawkins (1995). Without the contributions of Hirschi (1969), Akers (1998), (Cohen Felson, 1979) and others, theories such as the lifestyle theory, Walters (2005, 2007) Criminal Thinking Styles, and Dolls Ajzens (1992) theory of Planned Behavior, a comparative analysis would be incomplete. Credit must also go to Scobbie, Wyke, Dixon, (2009), Birgden (2004), Fallot (2001), Condelli, Bradigan, Holanchock, (1997) for contributing their knowledge and research utilized in this report exploring mentally illnesses. Criminal Statistics African-Americans have excessively represented a majority of the criminals in the U.S. since the mid-19th century (Du Bois, 1899, 1904; Hawkins, 1995). In 2006, the U.S. population was comprised of approximately 13% African-Americans, however they accounted for 28% of all offence arrests, 39.3% of violent crimes, 56.3% of robberies, and 50.9% of homicides (U.S. Department of Justice, 2007). The U.S. Department of Justice (2006) reported that victims perceived 25.3% of singular criminals and 33.9% of criminals in multiple offender victimizations to be African-American according to the most recent statistics from the National Crime Victimization Survey. In robberies, offenders were perceived as African-American 47.7% of the time and 22% of the time with assaults (U.S. Department of Justice, 2006). Disregarding the fact of perceived or speculative information obtained under the high stress of a criminal act by a victim, victimization data continued to parallel current arrest data. Early self-reports did not convey significant findings between race and crime (Elliott Voss, 1974; Williams Gold, 1972), but recent reports show youths prone to violence (Kelley, Huizinga, Thornberry, Loeber, 1997; Snyder Sickmund, 2006). Canada, New Zealand, and Australia also report abnormally high offenders from indigenous populations and African-Americans decent (Broadhurst, Tonry, 1997; Doone, 2000). Accounting for bias and discrimination, the overwhelming statistics of African-Americans to other races incarcerated do not coincide. General Strain Theory The GST offers an exemplary causation explanation of social and environmental factors contributing to African-American delinquency. The GST examines disproportional stressors/strains upon African-Americans as causations of criminal behavior whereas similar theories only provide for negative sociological (Hirschi, 1969) or poor acquaintance associations (Akers, 1998). Typically, hypotheses focus upon one factor as the causation of delinquency, the GST accounts for multiple strains upon an individual to explain criminal behavior. A broad range of strains, according to Agnew (1992), can occur from failures or removal from positive outcomes, or the anticipation of negative stimuli, could possibly result in a criminal action to pacify the emotional trigger. Recent empirical testing showed strain and anger influencing violence (Agnew, 2006; Mazerolle Piquero, 1997; Mazerolle, Burton, Cullen, Evans Payne, 2000). African-American may experience higher levels of strain compared to other races, but it does inevitably conclude in crime. Variables such as coping skills, social support, and mental conditioning of an individual allow for escape from and defusing strain. Individuals whom possess exemplary social control (Hirschi, 1969) or whom do not associate with delinquent social circles (Akers, 1998) will be less likely to utilize criminal activity to cope with strain. Predominate Strains Agnew (2001) recently clarified strain is most conducive to crime when it was viewed as unjust e.g. excessive discipline, criminal victimization, and unpredictable parental supervision, particularly when combined with economic, educational, criminal, and discriminatory strains. These types of strains create the conditions for coping to occur through criminal activity. Economic strains are prevalent amongst African-American communities with African-Americans likely to be of lower class income employed in the secondary labor market or unemployed (Conley, 2000; DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, Smith, 2007; Gittleman Wolff, 2004; Sullivan, 1998; U.S. Department of Labor, 2008). Robbery is the highest crime disproportionally observed among the African-American culture (U.S. Department of Justice, 2006, 2007) and possibly explains the situational need for supplemental income. Economic strain can be potentially interrupted as unjust, blamable upon society, and other external factors beyond an individuals control, contributing to the continued plight of the African-American culture. Family, educational, criminal, victimization, discrimination, and community strains rank amongst the top stressors of the African-American culture next to economic strain. These strains are so prevalent in occurrence it is understandable and reasonable to conclude there is little escape or relief from these strains. Family strain is contributed to residency in impoverish areas, economics, secondary labor employment, and diminished family bonds contribute to the probability of poor parenting practices e.g. inappropriate/inconsistent discipline (Agnew et al., 2000; Patterson Fergatch, 1990; Patterson, Reid, Dishion, 1992). This breakdown can contribute to diminished parental bonds with children with juvenile delinquency becoming the strain relief mechanism (Agnew et al, 2000; McLoyd, 1990; Patterson, 1982). U.S. school systems contain a percentage of educators with low expectations of lower class student success (Cooper Moore, 1995) with the placement of students, according to race, in lower educational programs without consideration of the individuals academic ability (Irvine York, 1993). This is a considerable strain upon developing African-American youths. Low rate educational programs alone effectively lessen mental development. These educational programs contain inferior curricula (Epps, 1995; Oakes, 1985). Associated/resulting from substandard educational practices of African-Americans are poor grades, unfair discipline, and poor/negative interpersonal relations with educators and students contributing to strain. These strains are observable with white students attending minority-segregated schools as their academic scores reflect substandard grades compared to white students in predominately-white schools (Bankston III Caldas, 1996). Criminal victimization pertains to crimes committed against African-Americans as compared to other races. Victimization amongst African-American compared to whites was 37.3% higher (U.S. Department of Justice, 2006) with 49.5% accounting for murder and non-negligent manslaughter (U.S. Department of Justice, 2007) of which 58% of murders occur before the age of 30 (U.S. Department of Justice, 2006). African-American children between the ages of 12-19 experienced violent crimes such as murder, rape, or robbery, 48% higher than white children of the same age (U.S. Department of Justice, 2006). The burglary rate of African-American households was 22.4% higher than whites (U.S. Department of Justice, 2006). Regardless of location, inner city or suburbia, the levels of victimization are consistent among African-Americans (Logan Stults, 1999). Discrimination is a strong negative that African-Americans experience frequently compared to whites and on many levels such as buying a house, car, seeking employment, education, or walking down the street (Ayres Siegelman, 1995; Farrell Jones, 1988; Feagin, 1991; Forman et. al., 1997; Kirschenman Neckerman, 1991; Yinger, 1995). African-Americans reported discrimination 34% greater than whites with 70% of African-Americans discriminated against at least once in their lifetime (Forman, Williams, Jackson, 1997). Discrimination may be the most conductive of strains eliciting negative emotions and crime-provoking behavior (Agnew, 2001). Homicide rates, at the micro level, were related to discrimination (Messner, 1989) with high rates of crime amongst African-Americans in racially segregated locales (Messner South, 1986; Shihadeh Flynn, 1996). At the micro level, positive associations existed between discrimination and juvenile delinquency (Simons et al., 2003). Negative experiences with law enforcement officers include discrimination (Miller, 1996), with frequent contact in high crime locals with unfavorable experiences (Parker, Onyekwuluje, and Murty, 1995). African-Americans were shot and killed more often by police officers compared to whites (Walker, Spohn, DeLone, 2000). While this fact showed negatively upon police officers, it also showed the high frequency in which African-Americans have extreme negative contacts with police officers. General Strain Theory and the Mentally Ill The Encyclopedia Britannica (2010) defines a mental disorder as, anyillnesswith significant psychological or behavioral manifestations that is associated with either a painful or distressing symptom or an impairment in one or more important areas of functioning. Disregarding recognizable mental illnesses such as schizophrenia; cannot a majority of the African-Americans incarcerated be classified as having a mental illness? African-Americans, over years of mental strain, may suffer from and require support rebuilding and coping skills with coping resources and social support (Agnew, 1992). Problem solving competences with self-esteem and self-efficacy guidance may help to reduce and recover from the effects of strain (Agnew, 1992). Utilization of tests such as the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (Walters, 2005) or the Theory of Planned Behavior (Doll Ajzen, 1992) may help in determining emotional distress, worldview, and criminal thinking methods of African-Americans. The state of New York utilized the Wilcoxon test to assess psychological changes (Ward, Bradigan, Holanchock, 1997) finding intermediate care programs containing professionals such as clinical psychologists, social workers, and occupational/recreational therapists served to avoid hospitalizing inmates via therapy (e.g. group recreational therapy, skill training, educational/vocational instruction, and crisis intervention). Religious recovery described by Fallot (2001) utilized spirituality as a potentially positive role in psychiatric rehabilitation. Scobbie, Wyke, and Dixon (2009) reviewed goal-setting theories to identify those that offer the best potential results in clinical practice. Scobbie, Wyke, and Dixon (2009) concluded five main theories of social cognitive theory, goal setting theory, health action process approach, proactive coping theory, and self-regulatory model of illness behavior showed results in patient outcomes. These theories can overlap and intertwine to help identify issues and aid in rehabilitation. The common theme pertaining to rehabilitation of inmates, mentally ill or not, starts with recognizing a mental illness. While prisons are for punishment, the treatment of psychological illnesses starts with recognition by the correctional facility or guards. Birgden (2004) stated the use of correctional staff is instrumental as potential therapeutic agents (p. 283) with rehabilitation programs depending upon correctional officers support. The chance to deter future criminal activity depends upon the criminals will to succeed with the guidance of councilors and therapy. Seriously mental ill inmates account for 8% to 20% of state prison inmates costing approximately $245 million with county estimates placed at approximately 7.2% to 15% with a cost of $58.4 million. Conservative overall estimate of approximately $1.2 billion to $1.8 billion went towards the care of inmates in the state of California in 1993-1994 (Izumi, Schiller, Hayward, 1996). The number and costs associated with the care of mentally ill inmates could be considerable lowered with the proper application of intermediate care programs to recognize and rehabilitate criminals. Conclusion Theorists typically suggest inadequate socialization as one of the overall causations of deviance behavior (Bandura, 1969). There are a number of theories psychologists consider when classifying and diagnosing mental illnesses e.g. psychodynamic theories, operant conditioning, moral development, and social learning theory. The rational choice theory states criminals make a conscious, rational, and at least partially (Schmalleger, 2006, p.118) while the lifestyle theory states criminal thinking is hierarchically organized and that certain features of an individuals general world view should correspond with specific criminal thinking styles (Walters, 2007, p. 184). The general choice theory utilizes many factors aforementioned, evaluating strain specifically upon the African-American culture. Care of African-American mental illness, while incarcerated, requires substantial emotional and possibly professional treatment and support. Correctional guards are the first step in recognizing and referring strained African-Americans requiring professional guidance, and to aid in the rehabilitation process with positive interactions and socializations. Realistically, lesser needs may go untreated due to priority inmates with severe psychiatric needs. Cases with lesser, treatable, mental conditions can go untreated (Olley, Nicholls, Brink, 2009). While severe patients take priority, the needs of lesser cases should be the primary focus of correctional facilities. The breaking of the criminal behavioral cycle is the focus of such rehabilitation programs. Currently there is no catchall racial explanation for the causation of crime or mental conditioning amongst African-American; Kaufman, Rebellon, Thaxton, and Agnew (2008) suggested the GST offered an additional and complementary explanation that highlights the importance of emotional and motivational social psychological processes (p. 432).

PFC Robert C. Burke-USMC :: essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  PFC Robert Charles Burke on 7 November 1949 in Monticello, Illinois and enlisted in the Marine Corps from Chicago, Illinois. The Marine died on 17 May 1968 in the Southern Quang Nam Province, Republic of Vietnam (South). He received the Congressional Medal of Honor posthumously for conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty. PFC Burke was serving as a machine gunner with Company I, 3d Battalion, 27th Marines (3/27), 1st Marine Division (REIN), FMF.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The citation, which was signed by then President Richard M. Nixon, reads as follows:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"For conspicuous gallantry and intrepidity at the risk of his life above and beyond the call of duty for service as a machine gunner with Company I on Operation ALLEN BROOK. Company I was approaching a dry river bed with a heavily wooded tree line that borders the hamlet of Lee Nam, when they suddenly came under intense mortar, rocket propelled grenades, automatic weapon and small arms fire from a large, well concealed enemy force which halted the company’s advance and wounded several marines. Realizing that key points of resistance had to be eliminated to allow the units to advance and casualties to be evacuated. Pfc. Burke, without hesitation, seized his machine gun and launched a series of 1-man assaults against the fortified emplacements. As he aggressively maneuvered to the edge of the steep river bank, he delivered accurate suppressive fire upon several enemy bunkers, which enabled his comrades to advance and move the wounded marines to position s of relative safety. As he continued his combative actions, he located an opposing automatic weapons emplacement and poured intense fire into the position, killing 3 North Vietnamese soldiers as they attempted to flee. Pfc. Burke then fearlessly moved from one position to another, quelling the hostile fire until his weapon malfunctioned. Obtaining a casualty’s rifle and hand grenades, he advanced further into the midst of the enemy fire in an assault against another pocket of resistance killing 2 more of the enemy. Observing that a fellow marine had cleared his malfunctioning machine gun he grasped his weapon and moved into a dangerously exposed area and saturated the hostile tree line until he fell mortally wounded.

Persuasive Speech Green Burials Essay

With the effects global warming and other natural disasters becoming more frequent, it is safe to say pollution has created a major crisis on our planet. Theses effect can be seen in the United State with the major cold front that has just pushed in from Canada over this past week. Scientist say weather patterns such as this will become more likely because of global warming. As an ecofriendly individual, I have taken the time to research many ecological ideas. Today I hope to persuade individuals to select green burials as an alternative burial option. A green burial or natural burial is the proper disposal of the deceased with as little carbon impact as possible to the natural environment. Green burials help conserve natural resources, produces little to no carbon emissions, aids in protecting the health of grave diggers, and restores and preserves the natural habitat. For the end-of-life ritual to be considered to be a â€Å"green burial,† there can be no usage of non-biodeg radable or toxic materials. People who select to engage in green burials are laid to rest in materials such as: shrouds or biodegradable caskets and urns. Why would a person select to be buried in such a manner, you ask? A green burial offers many positive affect upon the environment when compared to traditional burial methods. I would like to begin by saying that I do not consider any end-of-life method to be considered â€Å"wrong.† I only wish to advocate an alternative option to decrease to carbon footprint of our last act in the world. The act of embalming a loved on often includes the usage a chemical called formaldehyde. Formaldehyde poses a major threat to funeral directors and their funeral homes. In accordance to the National Cancer Institution, â€Å"funeral directors have a much higher incidence of myeloid leukemia.† Although embalming fluid does preserve the physical characteristic of a loved one, but after months in the grave the embalming fluid drastically decrease the decomposition rate of the body. Again I don’t wish to discredit any other form of burial. Green burials offer many positive aspects t hat aid the earth. Why should someone choose to have a green burial? Earth has  always intend to humans to return to the soil from which they came. In nature, nothing is wasted. Everything is recycled by billion upon trillions of tiny microorganisms that break down all waste matter. Natural burials also aid in the growth of native trees, wildflowers, and shrubs. These wild plants will bring about a whole new eco-system to the burial area that both plants and animals will benefit from. There is no water wasted on these grounds or harmful pesticides and herbicides because the area is left to grow naturally. Imagine the joy of being able to remember a loved one as a new tree that provides life to millions of organisms. Green burials are an ecofriendly way to leave a positive lasting impact upon the earth. In 2007 AARP conducted a study that showed, â€Å"1 in 5 American over the age of 50 have considered having a green burial ceremony.† Green burials is just one of many end-of-life rituals practi ced all around the world. Work Cited Markoe, Lauren. â€Å"Green Burials Reflect Care for Earth, Family Finances.† Christian Century 131.4 (2014): 18-19. Academic Search Premier. Wed. 11 November 2014. Unknown. â€Å"Green Burials,†¦Return Naturally.† Green Burials,†¦Return Naturally. N.p., 17 Sept. 2008. Web. 11 Nov. 2014. Unknown. â€Å"Green Burial Council.† Green Burial Council. N.p., 18 May 2012. Web. 11 Nov. 2014.

Biography of George S. Patton, Famed American General

George S. Patton (November 11, 1885–December 21, 1945) was an American Army general noted for winning battles in World Wars I and II. He first came to attention as a commander fighting Pancho Villa in Mexico and helped revolutionize the use of tanks in warfare. Despite his many successes, his aggressive, colorful personal style and his temper often caused issues with his superiors. Fast Facts: George S. Patton Known For: Famed but controversial American combat generalAlso Known As: Old Blood and GutsBorn: Nov. 11, 1885 in San Gabriel, CaliforniaParents: George Smith Patton Sr., Ruth WilsonDied: Dec. 21, 1945 in Heidelberg, GermanyEducation: West PointSpouse: Beatrice AyerChildren: Beatrice Smith, Ruth Ellen, George Patton IVNotable Quote: Battle is the most magnificent competition in which a human being can indulge. Early Life Born on November 11, 1885 in San Gabriel, California, George Smith Patton, Jr. was the son of George S. Patton, Sr. and Ruth Patton. An avid student of military history, the young Patton was descended from American Revolution Brigadier General Hugh Mercer and several of his relatives fought for the Confederacy during the Civil War. During his childhood, Patton met former Confederate raider and family friend John S. Mosby. The old veterans war stories helped fuel Pattons desire to become a soldier. Departing home, he enrolled at the Virginia Military Institute in 1903 before transferring to West Point the following year. Compelled to repeat his plebe year due to poor grades in mathematics, Patton reached the position of cadet adjutant before graduating in 1909. Assigned to the cavalry, Patton went on to compete in the modern pentathlon at the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm. Finishing fifth overall, he returned to the United States and was posted to Fort Riley, Kansas. While there, he developed a new cavalry saber and training techniques. Assigned to the 8th Cavalry Regiment at Fort Bliss, Texas, he took part in Brigadier General John J. Pershings Punitive Expedition against Pancho Villa in 1916. World War I During the expedition, Patton led the U.S. Armys first armored attack when he assaulted an enemy position with three armored cars. In the fighting, key Villa henchman Julio Cardenas was killed—earning Patton some notoriety. With the U.S. entry into World War I in April 1917, Pershing had Patton promoted to captain and took the young officer to France. Desiring a combat command, Patton was posted to the new U.S. Tank Corps. Testing new tanks, he observed their use at the Battle of Cambrai late that year. Organizing the American tank school, he trained with Renault FT-17 tanks. Swiftly advancing through the ranks to colonel in the wartime army, Patton was given command of the 1st Provisional Tank Brigade (later the 304th Tank Brigade) in August 1918. Fighting as part of the 1st U.S. Army, he was wounded in the leg at the Battle of St. Mihiel that September. Recovering, he took part in the Meuse-Argonne Offensive for which he was awarded the Distinguished Service Cross and Distinguished Service Medal, as well as a battlefield promotion to colonel. With the end of the war, he reverted to his peacetime rank of captain and was assigned to Washington, D.C. Interwar Years While in Washington, he encountered Captain Dwight D. Eisenhower. Becoming good friends, the two officers began developing new armored doctrines and devising improvements for tanks. Promoted to major in July 1920, Patton tirelessly worked as an advocate for the establishment of a permanent armored force. Moving through peacetime assignments, Patton led some of the troops that dispersed the Bonus Army in June 1932. Promoted to lieutenant colonel in 1934 and colonel four years later, Patton was placed in command of Fort Myer in Virginia. A New War With the formation of the 2nd Armored Division in 1940, Patton was selected to lead its 2nd Armored Brigade. Promoted to brigadier general in October, he was given command of the division with the rank of major general in April 1941. In the U.S. Armys build-up prior to World War II, Patton took the division to the Desert Training Center in California. Given command of the I Armored Corps, Patton relentlessly trained his men in the desert through the summer of 1942. In this role, Patton led the Western Task Force during Operation Torch, which saw his men capture Casablanca, Morocco in November of that year. A Unique Style of Leadership Seeking to inspire his men, Patton developed a flashy image and routinely wore a highly polished helmet, cavalry pants and boots, and a pair of ivory-handled pistols. Traveling in a vehicle featuring oversize rank insignias and sirens, his speeches were frequently laced with profanity and espoused the utmost confidence in his men. While his behavior was popular with his troops, Patton was prone to indiscreet remarks which often stressed Eisenhower, who had become his superior in Europe, and caused tension among the Allies. While tolerated during the war, Pattons vocal nature ultimately led to his relief. North Africa and Sicily In the wake of the U.S. II Corps defeat at Kasserine Pass in February 1943, Eisenhower appointed Patton to rebuild the unit at the suggestion of Major General Omar Bradley. Assuming command with the rank of lieutenant general and retaining Bradley as his deputy, Patton diligently worked to restore discipline and fighting spirit to the II Corps. Taking part in the offensive against the Germans in Tunisia, the II Corps performed well. Recognizing Pattons achievement, Eisenhower pulled him to aid in planning the invasion of Sicily in April 1943. Moving forward in July 1943, Operation Husky saw Pattons Seventh U.S. Army land on Sicily along with General Sir Bernard Montgomerys Eighth British Army. Tasked with covering Montgomerys left flank as the Allies moved on Messina, Patton grew impatient as the advance bogged down. Taking the initiative, he sent troops north and captured Palermo before turning east to Messina. While the Allied campaign was successfully concluded in August, Patton damaged his reputation when he slapped Private Charles H. Kuhl at a field hospital. Having no patience for battle fatigue, Patton struck Kuhl and called him a coward. Western Europe Though tempted to send Patton home in disgrace, Eisenhower, after consultations with Chief of Staff General George Marshall, retained the wayward commander after a reprimand and apology to Kuhl. Knowing that the Germans feared Patton, Eisenhower brought him to England and assigned him to lead the First U.S. Army Group (FUSAG). A dummy command, FUSAG was part of Operation Fortitude which was intended to make the Germans think that the Allied landings in France would occur at Calais. Though unhappy with losing his combat command, Patton was effective in his new role. In the wake of the D-Day landings, Patton was returned to the front as the commander of the U.S. Third Army on August 1, 1944. Serving under his former deputy Bradley, Pattons men played a key role in exploiting the breakout from the Normandy beachhead. Surging into Brittany and then across northern France, the Third Army bypassed Paris, liberating large chunks of territory. Pattons rapid advance came to a halt on August 31 outside of Metz due to supply shortages. As Montgomerys efforts in support of Operation Market-Garden took priority, Pattons advance slowed to a crawl, leading to a protracted battle for Metz. Battle of the Bulge With the beginning of the Battle of the Bulge on December 16, Patton began shifting his advance toward the threatened parts of the Allied line. As a result, in perhaps his greatest achievement of the conflict, he was able to quickly turn the Third Army north and relieve the besieged 101st Airborne Division at Bastogne. With the German offensive contained and defeated, Patton advanced east through the Saarland and crossed the Rhine at Oppenheim on March 22, 1945. Charging through Germany, Pattons forces reached Pilsen, Czechoslovakia by the wars end on May 7/8. Postwar With the end of the war, Patton enjoyed a brief trip home to Los Angeles where he and Lieutenant General Jimmy Doolittle were honored with a parade. Assigned to be the military governor of Bavaria, Patton was irritated not to receive a combat command in the Pacific. Openly critical of Allied occupation policy and believing that the Soviets should be forced back to their borders, Patton was relieved by Eisenhower in November 1945 and assigned to the Fifteenth Army, which was tasked with writing the history of the war. Patton died on December 21, 1945, from injuries sustained in a car accident 12 days earlier.

Essay about Macbeth as A Tragic Hero - 1677 Words

Macbeth as A Tragic Hero The character of Macbeth is a classic example of a Shakespearean tragic hero. There are many factors that contribute to the character of Macbeth of which three will be discussed. Macbeth is a typical tragic hero through his personality, actions, and qualities. One of Macbeths traits that evoke the idea of a tragic hero is that he is worthy of the readers interest. A tragic hero must be worthy of readers interest, concern, or sympathy. Macbeth shows this through his bravery. In the begging of the play a battle goes on between King Duncan of Scotland and Macdonwald of Norway. Macbeth fights bravely on Scotlands side, and he even killed Macdonwald himself (I. Ii. 9-23).†¦show more content†¦According to Corley Olson, Part of being a tragic hero is possessing a flaw. This flaw must inevitably lead to self-destruction, the fall of the tragic hero (15). One of his flaws is his weakness to be persuaded by others. Lady Macbeth convinced her husband that he wasnt a man unless he went through with the murder of Duncan. She threatens his manhood by saying, When you durst do it, then you were a man; / And to be more than what you were, you would/ Be so much more the man (Act I. vii, 49-51). Macbeths ambition is also a major flaw. During th e play Macbeths ambition brought him to achieve his goals but as the play evolves, it forced him to face his fate. His ambition led him to become greedy, violent, and power hungry. Corley Olson also writes, Macbeth is confronted with the supernatural and prophecy of becoming king. As this flaw also includes his weakness through over ambition. One of Macbeths features that educe the idea of a tragic hero is his stupendous affect on the other characters in this play. Patricia Hammond writes a tragic hero must have a great impact on those around him (114). The reader can simply see that Macbeth influences numerous lives throughout this drama. One family that suffers because of Macbeth is Banquos when Macbeth hires murderers to kill Banquo. Fleance, his only son, escapes to unknown parts (III, iii.Show MoreRelatedMacbeth as a Tragic Hero985 Words   |  4 Pages In William shakespeare’s Macbeth,Macbeth is a classic example of a tragic hero in shakesperean work.Macbeth display the major characteristics of a tragic hero throughout the play until his tragic end.The play potrays Macbeth as a lost cause by showing how he fell from being a honest and just man who fought for whats right, to a cruel,superstitious,ambicious dictator.In william shakespreares Macbeth,Macbeth is a tragic hero because he compromises his honor and negates his moral values in orderRead MoreMacbeth As A Tragic Hero1139 Words   |  5 PagesThe Macbeth character in Macbeth by William Shakespeare can be played many ways.  Macbeth s relationship with other characters in the play and Aristotle s theory of a tragedy are ways in which Macbeth is shown as a tragic hero I am going to explain to you how Macbeth is a true tragic hero. At the very beginning of the play,  Macbeth  and Banquo are returning to Scotland from a fierce battle between the Norwegians and the Scottish. They have just won the war for Duncan.   This shows a noble virtueRead MoreMacbeth as a Tragic Hero1513 Words   |  7 PagesMacbeth as a Tragic Hero William Shakespeare s plays have the reputation of being among the greatest in the English language and in Western literature. Shakespeare produced most of his known work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were mainly comedies and histories, genres he raised to the peak of sophistication and artistry by the end of the 16th century. He then wrote mainly tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet, King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth, considered some of the finestRead MoreMacbeth as a Tragic Hero1453 Words   |  6 Pagespresents Macbeth as a tragic hero? The 17th century play, ‘Macbeth’ by William Shakespeare, was written during a time when James the first became the first king of both Scotland and England. The characters in the play are also based upon his descendants. The play itself focuses on the character of Macbeth who is manipulated into committing regicide by 3 witches. As the play progresses, both him and his wife begin to lose all sense of morality, resulting with both of their deaths in the end. Macbeth isRead MoreMacbeth As A Tragic Hero893 Words   |  4 PagesSeidewand Andreacchi February 13th 2017 ENG2D1-02 Macbeth as a Tragic Hero A tragic hero can be described as a character obtaining heroic qualities that is, at the same time, destined for their own downfall. Unfortunately, Macbeth is an example of a character that has this title. In Shakespeare’s time during the writing of the play was the reign of King James of England, and the play ‘Macbeth’ reflects on Shakespeare’s own relationship with this king. Someone of greatRead MoreMacbeth as a Tragic Hero846 Words   |  3 Pages The tragic hero has been a major storytelling tool in recent years that makes the audience relate to, respect, and feel sympathy for a character which is undone by the end of the story. But can this title be given to Macbeth, the titular hero of the Shakespeare play by the same name? Yes, absolutely- Shakespeare’s Macbeth follows this plot path in numerous ways. Throughout the play, we are introduced to Macbeth’s belovedness, the crushing of said established belovedness, and his own undoing. Read MoreMacbeth - a Tragic Hero2214 Words   |  9 PagesShakespeares play Macbeth, written in the 1600s is a perfect example of Shakespeares ability to manipulate his audience through creating a tragic hero. A tragic hero who, because of a flaw, tumbles from a well-respected hero to a cowardless murderer. It is through Shakespeares manipulation of figurative language, dramatic conventions and social expectations of the seventeenth century, do the audience witness the demise of this mixed up man. Macbeths persona of the tragic hero is enhanced evenRead MoreMacbeth As A Tragic Hero1685 Words   |  7 Pagesprotagonist who appears to be a â€Å"tragic hero† in the overall play. In other words, this character is one who has made an error in his judgement, providing that this error eventually leads to their own ruin or destruction. Within Macbeth, Macbeth the character is regarded as a tragic hero, but with the distinct and evident explanation of his evil and the succession of his acts of violence, it may not be as clear cut as to whether he is a tragic hero or not. Though Macbeth does commit an error that leadsRead MoreMacbeth As A Tragic Hero2154 Words   |  9 Pages Karen H. Macbeth Show how Macbeth is seen as a tragic hero â€Å"The catastrophe of the tragic hero thus becomes the catastrophe of the fifth-century man; all his furious energy and intellectual daring drive him on to this terrible discovery of his fundamental ignorance - he is not the measure of all commodity but the commodity measured and found wanting.† The words ‘tragic hero’ has undergone a deceptive and detrimental process, it goes from a favorable connotationRead MoreMacbeth As A Tragic Hero2015 Words   |  9 PagesMacbeth Show how Macbeth is seen as a tragic hero â€Å"One of the most tragic things I know about human nature is that all of us tend to put off living. We are all dreaming of some magical rose garden over the horizon-instead of enjoying the roses that are blooming outside our windows today.† The words ‘tragic hero’ has undergone a deceptive and detrimental process, it goes from a favorable connotation to a repulsive connotation. A tragic hero makes â€Å"judgment errors† that are inescapable and it ultimately

Globalization Is Turning The World Into An Integrated Economy

Globalization which gives us all access to each other s special skills and products is turning the world into an integrated economy. To poorer countries globalization brings the chance to sell their relatively low cost labor onto world markets. It brings the investment that creates jobs, and although those jobs pay less than their counterparts in rich economies, they represent a step up for people in recipient countries because they usually pay more than do the more traditional jobs available there. On the other hand, to people in richer countries globalization brings lower cost goods from abroad, which leaves them with spending power to spare and a higher standard of living. It also brings opportunities for productive investment in†¦show more content†¦The integration of the world economy has brought with it an interdependence. As countries co-operate in trade with each other, they get to know each other and grow into the habit of resolving disputes by negotiation and agreement instead of by armed conflict. Because of international trade, economic achievements of many of the countries are interdependent with other countries. Globalism is supposed to put the interests of the whole world above the interests of individual nations. It is the failed authoritarian in desiring for a single world rejecting the role of nations in encouraging productivity and protecting values. Groups which are globalist and non-Christian religions have campaigned actively for the creation of a world government. Globalism has been made faster due to the involvement of the internet which has made the world a global village and people can do business with the click of a button. Globalization has led to the improvement in the living standards, but has led to the exploitation of poor countries and decay of morals hence a bad thing to go with. According to Keidel (2008), China’s economic growth has continued to rise and is grounded by the domestic strengths of the economics of the country. The economy of this country is solely dependent on its domestic driven economy. Its balanced growth remains independent from the patterns of export trading and the fluctuations of the American economy.

Roadblock Advertising free essay sample

Since then its been used by many marketer to launch their brands like: AIRCREW, Volkswagen etc. And re- launch their brand (Avoidance) in the market. Previously it was understood that roadblock advertising are successful only in Television but this myth is broken by Volkswagen using The Times of India 16 pages to launch their Jetty, Pascal in the market, today Internet is emerging as a very good tool for advertising ; roadblocks are blocking the advertising way on the internet as well through various social networking websites, etc.Roadblock may refer to: * Roadblock (barrier), a temporary installation set up to control or block raffia along a road * Roast rook (obstruct the road in Hindi), a commonly practiced form of protest in India * Police roadblock, a roadblock operated to check traffic along a road What is the jargon used to describe the manner in which your favorite channel on the idiot box is bombarded with ads after ads after used to explain the ads of the same auto brand plastered all across the first few pages of your daily newspaper? Is known as roadblock advertis ing. ROADBLOCK ADVERTISING: according to Wisped, a roadblock is a temporary installation set up to control or blocks traffic along a road. On immemorial television, the term is used when an advertiser buys up all the advertising on a channel for a given length of time like a full day (vertical roadblock), or across a band of channels at a particular time, say an hour (horizontal roadblock), thus preventing any other advertiser from being present at those times. The vertical and horizontal roadblocks are explained later in the paper.Roadblock advertising implies blocking a particular media vehicle (it could be a Television Neuron, a particular newspaper or magazine, a radio station or even a particular Internet Site) for a particular period of time to maximize the outreach and frequency Of the communication message. Historical data however suggests that Roadblock advertising is mostly used on TV. The very first roadblock to be attempted on Indian television was way back in 1 994 when a small fire extinguisher making company decided to use 9 different commercials to launch its diversification into keepers kitchenware.A creative Indus elegance that a smart media planner chose to capitalist upon by acquiring the telecast rights of a full-length feature film and airing only these commercials in every break, so that the viewer got the whole message about he range at one go. That roadblock worked magic for the media planners reputation but did nothing for the sales of the brand. Every Brand needs a strategy, in order to win results. It wasnt until the fall of 2007 that the roadblock re-appeared with a big bang.Avoidance reportedly spent upwards of RSI 10 core to announce its name change to the world, using a range of short and long commercials exclusively in all breaks, both vertically and horizontal ly. The jury is still out on whether the exercise was an overkill or not, and whether it really required all that money, especially when an arguably more effective way would have been to welcome every subscriber to the new service with a simple and free SMS, which purportedly the company did not do!Axis Bank changed its name around the same time as Avoidance did, using a more extensive and normal media and scheduling strategy. As far as awareness of a name change goes, however -? no doubt Avoidance was more successful. If anyone knows how to make a vertical roadblock work, we have to say its M TV. They associated with Monika on Independence Day last year, promoting the launch of the new NON through Freedom of Expression. Not a single aroma commercial was used.Instead the entire day was peppered with celebrity vignettes branded by the NON, teasers showcasing the features Of the product, interactive scrolled offering special mobile downloads of the national anthem, and so on. Why does a m arketer need Roadblock advertising? 1 . Its a simple but expensive way of aggregating eyeballs and creating a buzz. In principle they want consumer to talk more about it. Even after the roadblock is over. 2. Roadblocks do a brilliant job in breaking the clutter as they make your product stand out in the crowd. . The whole concept Enid road roadblock advertising (irrespective of which channel of communication is chosen) is to dominate. The idea is to create high impact communication, so that repetition can be done away with. Industry fatteners feels that roadblock advertising works best in two situations (a) When there is major shift in the communication strategy of a brand; (b) When a new brand (product or service) is launched or when a brand enters a new market.The best example of roadblock advertising in the first case (that is to convey change in communication strategy) was the campaign to announce the branding from hutch to Avoidance in September 2007. The day-long roadblock advertising that run across 30 channels on star network brought in 92-95% brand recall for avoidance. Similarly, in March 2009 RACER roadblock on the day of launch of its services on RED FM (Iambi) was memorable as far as adding the spice of innovation to this practice goes.There was a complete overhaul of the station format, to fit within the brand template; for instance the usual OFFICIO eke char gannet chips eke, becomes AIRCREW eke paunch gang chips eke along with Aircrews launch campaign tag line- your oral of possibilities. Similarly, the best example for the second case(when a new brand (product or service) is launched or when a brand enters a new market) was the aforementioned print roadblock VOLKSWAGEN in the Times Of India, with each of the sixteen editions of XII featuring Volkswagen ads and Volkswagen on the D-DAY.Justifying the cash spent on the advertising war front, as result we have witnessed a huge rise in the awareness for the Volkswagen brand with in a very short time periodic the country post the campaign. A part from increasing the sales of the new beetle, Tortu re the lagoons brand receive a huge number of internet hits, which clearly signifies the rise in the brand awareness for the Volkswagen brand in India. Infant, the campaign has also resulted in huge motivation amongst the dealers and employee of the company. Road block advertising can be segregated in to two broad categories- a. Vertical roadblock b. Horizontal roadblock Vertical road block is when a particular media network (a channel or a newspaper) is blocked by the marketers for a single day, it can take the form of day associations to work wonders for a brand and its essence, thus levering impact not just by hogging up all the inventory, but also by fitting in with what the brand stands for. Bingo worked with MAT to sponsor April Fools Day this year, turning it into a Baker Din, so much in character with the brands irreverent whacko persona.All commercial breaks were exclusive to Bingo of course, but beyond that the content itself was recreated to showcase the brand and its no confusion, great combination message. Fake cricketers, spoofing Vics , all paid tribute to the brand as foolishly as possible! Another example of vertical roadblocks is the one on Victim 18 MAT stand out. Take caduceus Emmett ha khan SAA Phil theatre ha campaign. Catbird tied up with MAT for launch of this campaign. The TV channel created two videos- one was HIP HOP and the other, a pop version of the original commercial. On July 1 SST,2009, the day campaign broke out on television, MAT aired only this aforementioned Catbird commercial the entire day. I short, it was Catbird, Catbird and only Catbird that day, for all MAT viewers! In these cases roadblocks were not limited only to ad-spot buys but were smartly integrated as part of the content too. Horizontal roadblock is when different media outworks are blocked for single time slot by particular brand.Of-course while both have their own advantages, the company should be extremely careful about its choice in the regard; after all air time in either the vertical or the horizontal plan can not be just bought with a few precious dimes! Therefore, which amongst the two should be used depends completely on the objective one wants to achieve from the campaign. Experts says Vertical should be used when you want to maximize frequency of your advertisem ent(s) and Horizontal Is to be used if you want to maximize the out reach of your mass immunization.An example of horizontal roadblock advertising is Kirks film My name is khan which is the first film to use ad roadblock advertising If big- spend advertisers such as Hindustan Milliner Limited (HULL), Monika, Catbird India and Avoidance have used the advertising roadblock strategy, My Name is Khan will mark the first instance of a film using such a tack, whoso trailers block 11 star India channels including star plus, star one, star gold and Channel V on December 16, 2009 at 10 pm to telecast a 3 minute trailer of the film. Now thats marketing the king khan films in king sized style. Road block ads work well for a brand, but not for a company which use it for multiple brands. Talking about the evolution of the Roadblock in Indian media, we do expect some innovation in the format overtime; one possibility is we may see a road block on a channel wherever the anchors and characters in the various shows, talk about the particular brand the entire day, but in the present time, the very difficulty of implementation and the cost associated with the plan pose a huge challenge to marketers.Convincing the client for the roadblock in very difficult because it need lot of muscle since a 100-200% premium on aroma ad-rates need to be spent to block a media vehicle. Roadblock advertising on Internet When advertisers and advertising agencies are tasked with reaching mass audiences online, many undertake roadblock advertising because its an effective tactic for gaining user attention and engagement. Roadblock advertisin g allows advertisers to own 100% of voice for a given period, usually a day.In other words, an advertising campaign would run exclusively across all the advertising units on a page reinforcing the advertising message. Like all forms of advertising, roadblock advertising can be run with mom options of targeting such as day-part targeting and gee targeting ensuring that you dont waste any of your advertising budgets. One of the strategies when undertaking roadblock advertising is to develop a campaign where each ad unit works in concert to deliver a unique and powerful rich media advertising experience.As the ads are delivered concurrently, these coordinated ad placements can interact with each other in a myriad of ways. By creating engaging and attention catching campaigns like this, will reinforce the message. Roadblock advertising campaigns are typically booked by date or even a week ND given their exclusive ownership are typically priced higher than buying one or two media placements. TENANTS TO USE ROADBLOCK ADVERTISING: audiences online, many undertake roadblock advertising because its an effective tactic for gaining user attention and engagement.Add to this when run across an advertising net work, roadblock advertising provides a wide reaching media buy with similar metrics to those of TV media buy. Here are ten ways to use roadblock advertising; 1 . Branding campaign The most commonly used reason for running a roadblock advertising campaign is for branding purposes. Undertaking deadbolt advertising for branding purposes will definitely lift the profile of the product in the market place. The key here is pick your day and the time that you run the ad. 2.Cookbook Launch When launching a new cookbook onto the market its important to make an impact quickly to drive sales. Most publishers reserve advertising budget to promote their well know authors and roadblock advertising can really create awareness driving sales online and offline in bookstores. 3. Shopping Sale No matter if you are undertaking a shopping sale in store or online, running a roadblock advertising campaign ill gain attention to your sale either driving consumer to your store or your online store.Its important in your advertising messaging to communicate the saving consumers can expect as well as when the sale finishes. 4. New Wine Release No matter if its a new wine label or wine vintage, reaching millions of wine consumers online can have a massive effect on sales. Imagine if your new vintage wine release sold out within days of being released onto the market. By undertaking a roadblock advertising campaign around the new wine, why its different, how it tastes would definitely create brand awareness f the product. 5.Consumer Packaged Goods Luau inch When launching a new product onto the market its important to undertake wide reaching media to capture the attention of consumers and most importantly your product evangelists. So if its a new dishwasher detergent, tomato sauce or cooking oil which you are launching roadblock advertising is a great way to get the message across. 6. TV show In the hours leading up to its airing of a new TV show or a well know returning season, roadblock advertising online can be used to create awareness with possible viewers Of the show.This is a retreat way to lift the initial TV ratings and capture new viewers. If your campaign is about a TV show, then make sure one of your ad units includes a trailer or teaser for user engagement and interaction. 7. Popular Shopping Days Own the day (and the days before), make it yours. No matter if its Republic Day, Independence day or Dalai having a roadblock advertising campaign on these popular shopping days will generate sales online and consumers into stores. . Gifts Sales Campaigns Key gift giving days like mothers day and valentines always generate sales of gifts online, so its important to ensure your target audience spends with your online store. By running a roadblock advertising campaign will drive traffic to your online store and sales. Consider giving them an incentive to buy with you on these key gift giving days. 9. Movie launch Every movie that a studio releases is ideal for a roadblock advertising campaign.The launch of a movie these days is extremely important, as the first weekends takings are a clear indication of how successful the movie will be and how long it will stay in cinemas before being available on DVD- 10. Clearance Sale If youre having a clearance sale r need to move stock at towards the end of month, then running a roadblock advertising campaign will gain attention to your sale either driving consumer to your store or your online store. No matter if you are undertaking a shopping sale in store or online, its important that your clearance sale advertising communicates the products which are on sale and the discounts available.When running a Roadblock Advertising campaign one should remember to use some sort of campaign targeting options such as day-part targeting and gee targeting ensuring that they dont waste any of your advertising budget. Creativity in Roadblock Ads on In ternet Media buyers have recreated this online, snapping up all Of the home page inventory on numerous major sites and portals on a single day, so a user is confronted with the same ad on numerous sites. Online roadblocks are able to mimic the effects of a roadblock in this manner by exposing their ad to massive home page audiences and expanding their reach beyond a single site buy.The ultimate objective, of course, is to obtain 100 percent share of voice. This is very useful for advertisers who need to promote something significant and timely, like the arrival of a new film in theaters; the series premiere of a popular TV series; a major political, entertainment, or sporting event; or the launch of a new product. For this reason along with the ability to show video and employ rich media with a large page footprint, and their sizeable price tag roadblock campaigns have been particularly popular among entertainment companies and big-name brands.Ad networks are a good choice for advertisers interested in running roadblock campaigns as well because they make it easy for media buyers to place the ads across multiple sites. Advertisers like Toyota have used local site ad network and tech nology reviver Centre to easily place their new model auto ads on 140 different sites across the Web. The modern-day roadblock can also be limited to a single site, and even a single ad on a page just as long as it provides complete share of voice. Recently, pizza chain Papa John s ran a roadblock ad on Backbone promoting a free pizza for every user who became a fan of the brand on its Backbone page. Thanks to the home page ad and an associated e-mail campaign, Papa Johns garnered 131 *000 new fans in a single day. As of March, it was the second fastest-growing brand on Backbone after Olympic swimmer Michael Phelps. Always ready to deliver with great home page campaign creative is Apple, and the brand didnt disappoint with its March roadblock for the new 17-inch Macho Pro on Anytime. Mom. As reported by Click, the ad was a study in page integration while managing to grab the users attention. That it coincided with related new TV spots was also a savvy move, creating a cross-media roadblock that effectively alerted consumers to the just-launched product and generated excitement about its features. Roadblock ads leave the door wide open for advertiser creativity and when youre catering to millions and delaying their access to site content n the process, your stuff had better be darn good.A great place to start conceptualizing your ideas is by visiting gaming and video sites, which are known for their elaborate home page campaigns. A roadblock promoting the game Tomb Raider Underworld as created by Blaster that appeared on SIGN. Com invites the user to participate in the ad and affect its outcome, while Break. Com this week featured the game Punch-out!! on its home page with a combination of wallpaper and video clips. The somewhat distasteful notion of blocking consumers aside, roadblocks serve a valuable purpose in their ability to capture users attention when they first arrive at a site.